Amide Derivatives of Glycopeptides Antibiotics to Overcome Antibiotics Resistance
Michael Andrew
Single domain Antibodies (sdAbs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. Human single domain antibodies comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain or light chain. SdAbs are stable, non-aggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scFv fragments. They are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scFv fragments. SdAbs are unique because of their excellent specificity and possibility to target posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation sites, conformers or interaction regions of proteins that cannot be targeted with genetic knockout techniques and are impossible to knockdown with RNAi. The most frequently selected antigenic epitopes belong to viral and oncogenic proteins, followed by toxins, proteins of the nervous system as well as plant-and drosophila proteins. It is now possible to select functional sdAbs against virtually every cytosolic/nuclear protein and desired epitope using synthetic single pot single domain antibody libraries without the need of immunization. Extensive studies have demonstrated the prominent functions of B cells in antibody production and antigen presentation. However, certain B cell subsets have been recognized as immune regulators through cytokine production. Accumulating data indicate that IL10-producing B cells possess a regulatory function in the development of autoimmune diseases, but micro environmental factors and/or cytokines involved in inducing regulatory B cell differentiation remain to be identified. B cell-activating factor (BAFF), a member of TNF family cytokines, is a key regulator for B cell maturation and function. Our recent studies have identified a novel function of BAFF in the induction of IL-10- producing regulatory B cells. BAFF-induced IL-10-producing B cells showed a distinct CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype mainly derived from marginal-zone B cells, which possessed a potent function in inhibiting T cell activation and cytokine production
Abstract
Single domain Antibodies (sdAbs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. Human single domain antibodies comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain or light chain. SdAbs are stable, non-aggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scFv fragments. They are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scFv fragments. SdAbs are unique because of their excellent specificity and possibility to target posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation sites, conformers or interaction regions of proteins that cannot be targeted with genetic knockout techniques and are impossible to knockdown with RNAi. The most frequently selected antigenic epitopes belong to viral and oncogenic proteins, followed by toxins, proteins of the nervous system as well as plant-and drosophila proteins. It is now possible to select functional sdAbs against virtually every cytosolic/nuclear protein and desired epitope using synthetic single pot single domain antibody libraries without the need of immunization. Extensive studies have demonstrated the prominent functions of B cells in antibody production and antigen presentation. However, certain B cell subsets have been recognized as immune regulators through cytokine production. Accumulating data indicate that IL10-producing B cells possess a regulatory function in the development of autoimmune diseases, but micro environmental factors and/or cytokines involved in inducing regulatory B cell differentiation remain to be identified. B cell-activating factor (BAFF), a member of TNF family cytokines, is a key regulator for B cell maturation and function. Our recent studies have identified a novel function of BAFF in the induction of IL-10- producing regulatory B cells. BAFF-induced IL-10-producing B cells showed a distinct CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype mainly derived from marginal-zone B cells, which possessed a potent function in inhibiting T cell activation and cytokine production
Single domain Antibodies (sdAbs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. Human single domain antibodies comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain or light chain. SdAbs are stable, non-aggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scFv fragments. They are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scFv fragments. SdAbs are unique because of their excellent specificity and possibility to target posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation sites, conformers or interaction regions of proteins that cannot be targeted with genetic knockout techniques and are impossible to knockdown with RNAi. The most frequently selected antigenic epitopes belong to viral and oncogenic proteins, followed by toxins, proteins of the nervous system as well as plant-and drosophila proteins. It is now possible to select functional sdAbs against virtually every cytosolic/nuclear protein and desired epitope using synthetic single pot single domain antibody libraries without the need of immunization. Extensive studies have demonstrated the prominent functions of B cells in antibody production and antigen presentation. However, certain B cell subsets have been recognized as immune regulators through cytokine production. Accumulating data indicate that IL10-producing B cells possess a regulatory function in the development of autoimmune diseases, but micro environmental factors and/or cytokines involved in inducing regulatory B cell differentiation remain to be identified. B cell-activating factor (BAFF), a member of TNF family cytokines, is a key regulator for B cell maturation and function. Our recent studies have identified a novel function of BAFF in the induction of IL-10- producing regulatory B cells. BAFF-induced IL-10-producing B cells showed a distinct CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype mainly derived from marginal-zone B cells, which possessed a potent function in inhibiting T cell activation and cytokine production
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